Shortly before Russian President Vladimir Putin took power, Kennan predicted this policy would inflame nationalist and anti-Western attitudes in Russia and “restore the atmosphere of the Cold War.” The new book, based on access to Kennan’s private papers and other sources, reveals just how passionately Kennan sought to ease the Cold War as it grew into a global game of military brinkmanship, as well as his post-Cold War opposition to the rapid eastward expansion of NATO’s borders. That exchange is absent from Gaddis’s magisterial 2011 work, George F.

The Kennan-Gaddis letters appear in the new biography Kennan: A Life Between Worlds, by Frank Costigliola. This, despite President Joe Biden’s insistence after a November 2022 summit meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping that “there need not be a new Cold War.” When Secretary of State Antony Blinken makes his first visit to Beijing in a few weeks, it will be an attempt to repair diplomatic relations that have been all but suspended since former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s visit to Taiwan last year. What is emerging as a result is a long-term struggle for global power and influence that could easily outlast the first Cold War. Especially when it comes to the challenge from China-which has replaced the Soviet Union as the major geopolitical threat to the United States-politicians on both sides of the aisle see political gain in out-hawking each other by calling for a tougher stance against Beijing. Yet almost no debate or discussion about these policies is taking place in Washington. Because public posturing is mostly what we’re seeing as the United States finds itself spiraling toward a new kind of cold war with both China and Russia. The so-called Stalin Note from March 1952-an offer from Moscow to hold talks over the shape of post-World War II Europe-showed that the United States had ignored the possibilities of peace accomplished through “ negotiation, and especially real negotiation, in distinction from public posturing (italics original),” Kennan wrote in 1999.

A decade after that 44-year conflict ended, Kennan, the somewhat dovish father of the United States’ Cold War containment strategy, contended in a letter to his more hawkish biographer, John Lewis Gaddis, that while Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin was alive, an early way out might have been possible. Even at the advanced age of 94, George Kennan was still arguing that the Cold War hadn’t been inevitable-that it could have been avoided or, at least, ameliorated.

George f kennan american diplomacy